🌱 Mungbean & Urdbean Cultivation: A to Z Guide (मूंग और उड़द की खेती)
Introduction (परिचय) Hello Students! 👋 Today we will discuss two very important pulse crops—Mungbean (Green Gram) and Urdbean (Black Gram). In Indian households, these are known as Moong Dal and Urad Dal. Usually, we study them together because they are like siblings (Bhai-Behan) sharing many similarities. (आज हम मूंग और उड़द की खेती पर चर्चा करेंगे। ये दोनों फसलें भाई-बहन की तरह हैं क्योंकि इनमें बहुत सारी समानताएं हैं। चलिए एक-एक करके इन्हें कवर करते हैं।)
Part 1: Mungbean / Green Gram (मूंग की खेती) 🟢
1. General Introduction (सामान्य परिचय) 🌿
- Botanical Name: Vigna radiata (Also known as Phaseolus aureus).
- Note: Don't get confused with Vigna mungo (that is for Urd).
- Family: Leguminosae or Fabaceae.
- Chromosome Number: 2n = 22.
- Origin: India or Central Asia.
- Common Name: Golden Gram.
- Warning: Golden Crop is Soybean, while Golden Gram is Mungbean. Don't confuse the two! (सोयाबीन को Golden Crop कहते हैं, जबकि मूंग को Golden Gram कहते हैं।)
2. Economic Importance (आर्थिक महत्व) 💰
- Rank: It is the 3rd most important pulse crop in India after Chickpea and Pigeonpea.
- Hardiness: It is the Hardiest Pulse Crop regarding drought tolerance. (सूखा सहन करने की क्षमता (Drought tolerance) के मामले में यह सबसे कठोर दलहनी फसल है।)
- Nutrition: Contains 25% Protein. Sprouted seeds are rich in Vitamin C and Riboflavin.
- Digestibility: It is easily digestible. That is why doctors recommend Moong Dal for patients. (यह आसानी से पच जाती है, इसलिए मरीजों को हमेशा मूंग की दाल खाने की सलाह दी जाती है।)
- Soil Health: Being a legume, it fixes atmospheric Nitrogen (30-40 kg N/ha). It is also used as a Green Manuring Crop.
- Albedo Effect: Mungbean has the Highest Albedo Value among field crops (approx. 25%). It reflects maximum solar radiation. (फिल्ड क्रॉप्स में इसकी एल्बिडो वैल्यू सबसे ज्यादा होती है, यानी यह सोलर रेडिएशन को सबसे ज्यादा रिफ्लेक्ट करता है।)
3. Climate & Soil (जलवायु और मिट्टी) 🌦️
- Climate: Tropical and Sub-tropical. Hot climate is ideal.
- Temperature: 25°C to 35°C.
- Nature: It is a Day Neutral Crop (can be grown in Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid). Mostly grown in Kharif and Summer (Zaid).
- Soil: Well-drained Loamy or Sandy Loam soil.
- Caution: It is sensitive to Salinity, Alkalinity, and Water Logging. Heavy rainfall during flowering causes crop loss. (फूल आते समय भारी बारिश फसल को बर्बाद कर सकती है।)
4. Important Varieties (महत्वपूर्ण किस्में) 🏆
- First Variety: T-1 (Released in 1948).
- Pusa Baisakhi (Type-44): Suitable for both Kharif and Summer.
- Mohini (S-8): Tolerant to Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV).
- Pusa Vishal: Suitable for Mechanical Harvesting because plants mature synchronously. (यह मशीनी कटाई के लिए उपयुक्त है क्योंकि इसके सभी पौधे एक साथ पकते हैं।)
- K-851: High yielding variety.
5. Sowing Management (बुवाई प्रबंधन) 🚜
Sowing Time:
- Kharif: June - July (Onset of Monsoon).
- Summer/Zaid: February - March.
Seed Rate (बीज दर) [Most Important]:
- Kharif Season: 12 - 15 kg/ha.
- Summer Season: 20 - 25 kg/ha. (समर सीजन में सीड रेट ज्यादा रखते हैं।)
Spacing:
- Kharif: 30-45 cm (Row to Row).
- Summer: 20-25 cm (Row to Row).
- Plant to Plant: 10 cm.
6. Irrigation & Nutrients (सिंचाई और उर्वरक) 💧
- Nutrients (NPK): 20:40:20 kg/ha.
- Irrigation: Generally rainfed in Kharif. For summer, 2 irrigations are required:
- Flowering Stage.
- Pod Development Stage.
- Note: Never irrigate at Full Bloom stage to avoid flower drop. (फूल पूरी तरह खिलने पर सिंचाई न करें वरना फूल झड़ जाएंगे।)
Part 2: Urdbean / Black Gram (उड़द की खेती) ⚫
1. General Introduction (सामान्य परिचय) 🌿
- Botanical Name: Vigna mungo.
- Confusion Alert: The name has 'mungo', so students think it is Mungbean, but it is actually Black Gram (Urd).
- (नाम में 'मुंगो' है लेकिन यह उड़द का वैज्ञानिक नाम है।)
- Family: Leguminosae.
- Chromosome: 2n = 22.
- Origin: India.
- Common Name: Urd, Black Mapte.
2. Economic Importance (आर्थिक महत्व) 💰
- Phosphoric Acid: Urdbean is the Richest source of Phosphoric Acid among all pulses (5-6% richer than others).
- Culinary Use: Main ingredient for Idli and Dosa.
- Texture: It has a Mucilaginous Texture, which is why it is used in South Indian recipes. (इसमें म्यूसिलेजिनस टेक्सचर होता है, जो इडली-डोसा बनाने के लिए जरूरी है।)
- Protein: Approx 24% - 25%.
3. Climate & Soil (जलवायु और मिट्टी) 🌦️
- Climate: Same as Mungbean (Tropical/Sub-tropical).
- Soil: Unlike Mung, Urd grows well in Heavy Soil (Black Cotton Soil).
- It is more tolerant to Water Logging than Mungbean. (यह मूंग की तुलना में जलभराव को बेहतर सहन कर सकती है और भारी मिट्टी में अच्छी होती है।)
4. Important Varieties (महत्वपूर्ण किस्में) 🏆
- First Variety: T-9 (Released in 1948).
- Pant U-19 & Pant U-31: Popular in North India.
- BVN Series (e.g., BVN-3): Popular in South India (Bamban series).
- LBG-17: Popular for Rice Fallow conditions in Andhra Pradesh.
5. Sowing Management (बुवाई प्रबंधन) 🚜
Sowing Time:
- Kharif: June - July.
- Rabi: September - October (Mainly in South India/Rice Fallow).
- Summer: February.
Seed Rate (बीज दर):
- Kharif Season: 15 - 20 kg/ha.
- Summer Season: 25 - 30 kg/ha.
Spacing:
- Normal: 30 x 10 cm.
- Summer: 20-25 x 10 cm.
Part 3: Diseases (प्रमुख रोग) 🦠
Both crops suffer from similar diseases.
- Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV): Both Mung and Urd are highly susceptible.
- Vector: Transmitted by Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).
4. Comparison Table (Mung vs Urd) 📊
| Feature | Mungbean (Green Gram) | Urdbean (Black Gram) |
|---|---|---|
| Botanical Name | Vigna radiata | Vigna mungo |
| Origin | India / Central Asia | India |
| Special Feature | Highest Albedo Value | Richest in Phosphoric Acid |
| Soil Preference | Loamy / Sandy Loam | Heavy Soil (Black Cotton) |
| Water Logging | Highly Sensitive | Tolerant (Better than Mung) |
| First Variety | T-1 (1948) | T-9 (1948) |
| Summer Seed Rate | 20 - 25 kg/ha | 25 - 30 kg/ha |
Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)
Mungbean and Urdbean are vital short-duration pulse crops. While Mung is famous for its digestibility and Albedo value, Urd is known for its Phosphoric acid content and use in Idli/Dosa. Remember the botanical name swap (Vigna mungo is Urd) and the Seed Rates for exams!
(मूंग अपनी पाचन क्षमता के लिए जानी जाती है, जबकि उड़द इडली-डोसा और फॉस्फोरिक एसिड के लिए प्रसिद्ध है। परीक्षा के लिए इनके वैज्ञानिक नाम और सीड रेट जरूर याद रखें!)
❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: What is the botanical name of Black Gram (Urd)? (उड़द का वानस्पतिक नाम क्या है?) Ans: Vigna mungo. (Do not confuse with Mungbean).
Q2: Which crop is known as "Golden Gram"? (गोल्डन ग्राम किसे कहते हैं?) Ans: Mungbean (Green Gram). Note that Soybean is called "Golden Crop".
Q3: Which pulse crop has the highest Albedo value? (किस दलहनी फसल की एल्बिडो वैल्यू सबसे अधिक होती है?) Ans: Mungbean (Green Gram).
Q4: What is the main ingredient for Idli/Dosa and why? (इडली/डोसा का मुख्य घटक क्या है और क्यों?) Ans: Urdbean (Black Gram), because of its Mucilaginous Texture.
Q5: What is the seed rate of Mungbean in the Summer season? (ग्रीष्म ऋतु में मूंग की बीज दर क्या है?) Ans: 20 to 25 kg/ha.
Source: Based on the transcript of "Mungbean (Moong) + Urdbean (Urd) Cultivation" by Agriculture RS Rajput.
