Soybean Cultivation: Full Package of Practices (Hindi & English Notes) | सोयाबीन की वैज्ञानिक खेती
1. General Introduction (सामान्य परिचय)
Soybean is a major oilseed crop belonging to the Leguminosae family. It is known by several common names due to its high nutritional value. (सोयाबीन एक प्रमुख तिलहनी फसल है जो लेगुमिनेसी कुल से संबंधित है। इसके उच्च पोषण मान के कारण इसे कई सामान्य नामों से जाना जाता है।)
- Botanical Name (वानस्पतिक नाम): Glycine max
- Family (कुल): Leguminosae or Fabaceae (लेगुमिनेसी या फैबिएसी)
- Origin (उत्पत्ति स्थान): China or Eastern Asia (चीन या पूर्वी एशिया)
- Chromosome Number (गुणसूत्र संख्या): 2n = 40
Common Names (सोयाबीन के अन्य नाम):
It is often called the "Wonder Crop", "Yellow Jewel of America", "Vegetable Meat", and "Poor Man's Meat" (गरीबों का मांस).
2. Economic Importance (आर्थिक महत्व)
Soybean is the cheapest source of high-quality vegetable protein. It ranks first in edible oil production in the world. (सोयाबीन उच्च गुणवत्ता वाले वनस्पति प्रोटीन का सबसे सस्ता स्रोत है। यह दुनिया में खाद्य तेल उत्पादन में पहले स्थान पर आता है।)
- Protein Content (प्रोटीन की मात्रा): 40% to 42% (Rich in Lysine / लाइसिन से भरपूर - 5%)
- Oil Content (तेल की मात्रा): 20% to 22%
- Nitrogen Fixation: Being a legume, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen, reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers. (यह वायुमंडलीय नाइट्रोजन को फिक्स करती है।)
Note: Madhya Pradesh is known as the "Soya State" (सोया स्टेट), although Maharashtra also leads in production in some years.
3. Climate and Soil (जलवायु और मिट्टी)
Climate (जलवायु):
Soybean is a Tropical/Sub-tropical crop grown in the Kharif season. It requires a warm and humid climate. It is a Short Day Plant. (यह खरीफ मौसम की फसल है जिसे गर्म और आर्द्र जलवायु की आवश्यकता होती है। यह एक शॉर्ट डे प्लांट है।)
- Germination Temperature: 30°C
- Growth Temperature: 25°C to 32°C
- Annual Rainfall: 600 to 750 mm
Soil (मिट्टी):
- Best Soil: Well-drained Black Cotton Soil (काली कपास मिट्टी) is considered best for soybean.
- pH: Neutral pH (6 to 7) is ideal.
- Avoid: Saline and Sodic soils; highly sensitive to water logging (जल भराव के प्रति संवेदनशील).
4. Improved Varieties (उन्नत किस्में)
Madhya Pradesh Varieties:
- JS 335: The most popular variety among farmers (किसानों में सबसे लोकप्रिय).
- JS Series: JS 20-34, JS 20-98, JS 93-05, JS 95-60 (Large seed), JS 97-52.
- NRC Series: NRC 37, NRC 7.
Maharashtra Varieties:
- PKV Yellow Gold, MAUS 162.
Introduced Varieties (अन्य किस्में):
- Bragg, Lee, Ahilya.
5. Land Preparation & Sowing (खेत की तैयारी और बुवाई)
Land Preparation:
Perform one deep plowing in summer followed by 2-3 harrowings and leveling. (गर्मियों में एक गहरी जुताई करें और उसके बाद 2-3 बार हैरो चलाकर पाटा लगाएं।)
- Drainage Method: Use Ridge and Furrow or Broad Bed and Furrow (BBF) method to avoid water logging. (जल भराव से बचने के लिए रिज़ एंड फरो या BBF विधि का प्रयोग करें।)
Seed Rate (बीज दर):
- Normal Sowing: 70-80 kg/hectare.
- Late Sowing: 100-120 kg/hectare.
- Small Seed Varieties (e.g., NRC 37): 50 kg/hectare.
- Medium Seed Varieties (e.g., JS 93-05): 60-65 kg/hectare.
- Large Seed Varieties (e.g., JS 95-60): 80-85 kg/hectare.
Sowing Time & Spacing (बुवाई का समय और दूरी):
- Time: Onset of Monsoon (June - July).
- Spacing: Row to Row 45 cm; Plant to Plant 4-5 cm.
- Depth: 3 to 5 cm.
Seed Treatment (बीज उपचार):
Follow the FIR method: Fungicide -> Insecticide -> Rhizobium.
- Rhizobium Strain: Bradyrhizobium japonicum (ब्रेडी राइजोबियम जैपोनिकम).
6. Nutrient & Water Management (पोषक तत्व और जल प्रबंधन)
Fertilizer (उर्वरक) NPK Ratio:
Soybean is a heavy feeder but requires less Nitrogen as it fixes it naturally.
- Nitrogen (N): 20-30 kg/ha (Basal dose).
- Phosphorus (P): 60 kg/ha.
- Potash (K): 20 kg/ha.
- Sulphur: 20-40 kg/ha (Important for oil content).
- Zinc: 25 kg ZnSO4/ha if deficiency exists.
Irrigation (सिंचाई):
Usually a rainfed crop. Critical stages for irrigation are:
- Flowering Stage (फूल आते समय).
- Pod Formation/Filling Stage (फली बनते समय).
7. Plant Protection (पौधा संरक्षण)
Weed Management (खरपतवार नियंत्रण):
Critical crop-weed competition period is the initial 45 days.
- Hand Weeding: At 20 and 40 days.
- Herbicides:
- Pre-plant: Fluchloralin (PPI).
- Pre-emergence: Pendimethalin.
- Post-emergence: Imazethapyr (Pursuit).
Insect Pests (कीट):
- Stem Fly: Melanagromyza sojae
- Girdle Beetle: Obereopsis brevis (Major pest)
- Tobacco Caterpillar: Spodoptera litura
- White Fly: Bemisia tabaci (Vector for viruses).
Diseases (रोग):
- Yellow Mosaic Disease: Caused by virus, transmitted by White Fly (Bemisia tabaci).
- Charcoal Rot: Important fungal disease.
- Rust: Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Unusual pathogen name).
8. Harvesting & Yield (कटाई और उपज)
Harvesting Signs (कटाई के लक्षण):
Harvest when leaves turn yellow and drop off, and pods turn yellow/brown/black. Seeds become hard with moisture <15%. (जब पत्तियां पीली होकर गिर जाएं और फलियां भूरी/काली हो जाएं, तथा दानों में नमी 15% से कम हो।)
Yield (उपज):
- Rainfed: 1.5 to 2 tonnes/ha.
- Irrigated: 2.5 to 3 tonnes/ha.
Storage (भंडारण):
Store seeds at 8-10% moisture content.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
Q1: Which state is known as the "Soya State" of India? Ans: Madhya Pradesh is known as the Soya State.
Q2: What is the protein and oil percentage in Soybean? Ans: Soybean contains 40-42% protein and 20-22% oil.
Q3: Which Rhizobium species is used for Soybean seed treatment? Ans: Bradyrhizobium japonicum is used for seed treatment.
Q4: What is the recommended seed rate for normal sowing? Ans: 70 to 80 kg per hectare.
Q5: What is the best soil for Soybean cultivation? Ans: Well-drained Black Cotton Soil (काली कपास मिट्टी).
