ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND DAIRY SCIENCE:
Unit 1: Important Institutions
NDRI: National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (1923).
IVRI: Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (1889).
NBAGR: National Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources, Karnal (1984).
CIRB: Central Institute for Research on Buffalo, Hisar.
CIRG: Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura.
CSWRI: Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk.
NRCE: National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar.
NRCC: National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner.
NRCM: National Research Centre on Mithun, Nagaland.
NRC on Yak: Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh.
Unit 2: Terminology & Physiology
1. Nomenclature (Exam Hack Table)
Knuckling: Act of mating in Cattle/Buffalo.
Coupling: Act of mating in Pigs.
Tupping: Act of mating in Sheep.
Serving: Act of mating in Goats.
2. Physiological Data
Chromosome Numbers (2n):
Cattle (Bos indicus): 60.
River Buffalo: 50.
Swamp Buffalo: 48.
Sheep: 54.
Goat: 60.
Swine (Pig): 38.
Camel: 74.
Poultry: 78.
Body Temperature:
Poultry: 41.7 oC(Highest).
Cattle: 38.6 oC (101.5 oF).
Gestation Period:
Cow: 281 days.
Buffalo: 308 days (approx 310).
Goat: 150 days.
Sheep: 150 days.
Pig: 114 days.
Camel: 390-410 days.
Unit 3: Breeds of Livestock
1. Cattle (Bos indicus & Bos taurus)
Classification:
Milch Breeds: Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir, Deoni.
Draught Breeds: Nagori, Hallikar, Amritmahal, Malvi, Khillari.
Dual Purpose: Haryana, Tharparkar, Kankrej, Ongole.
Important Indigenous Breeds:
Sahiwal: Best dairy breed. Native: Montgomery (Pakistan). Also called 'Lola' due to loose skin. Sweetest milk (Lactose 5%).
Gir: Native: Kathiawar (Gujarat). Leaf-like ears. Horns curve back like a half-moon. Known as 'Renha'.
Tharparkar: Disease resistant. Known as 'White Sindhi'. Native: Sindh.
Kankrej: Heaviest/Tallest indigenous breed. Famous for 'Sawai Chaal'.
Nagori: Best draught breed of Rajasthan.
Ongole: Native: Andhra Pradesh. Beautiful, majestic gait.
Exotic Breeds:
Holstein Friesian (HF): Native: Holland. Heaviest (1000 kg bull) and highest milk producer (5000-6000 L/lactation). Lowest fat (3.5%).
Jersey: Native: Jersey Island (UK). Highest fat (5.25-5.5%). Smallest exotic breed.
Brown Swiss: High heat tolerance among exotics.
Cross Breeds:
Karan Fries: Tharparkar x HF (Developed by NDRI).
Karan Swiss: Sahiwal x Brown Swiss (Developed by NDRI).
2. Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Types: River Buffalo (Water) and Swamp Buffalo. India mostly has River Buffalo.
Breeds:
Murrah: Native: Punjab/Haryana. Jet black color. Tightly curled horns (Jalebi type). Highest milk producer in India.
Surti: Native: Gujarat. Sickle-shaped horns. Two white collars (chevron) on neck.
Bhadawari: Copper-colored body. Highest fat content (13-14%).
Jaffarabadi: Heaviest buffalo ("Mini Elephant"). Drooping horns.
Mehsana: Cross of Murrah x Surti. Longest lactation period.
Wallowing: Act of cooling in water/mud due to few sweat glands and black color.
3. Goat (Capra hircus)
Known as "Poor man’s cow" and "Running Dairy".
Breeds:
Jamunapari: Native: Etawah (UP). Largest/Tallest Indian breed. "Roman nose" (parrot mouth) and long pendulous ears. Dual purpose.
Barbari: Native: East Africa. "City Goat" (stall feeding). Twinning is common.
Black Bengal: Best meat quality. Excellent skin.
Pashmina: Obtained from Kashmiri and Chegu breeds.
Angora: Exotic breed (Turkey). Produces Mohair.
Saanen: "Milk Queen" of the world (Switzerland).
4. Sheep (Ovis aries)
Known as "Museum of Parasites".
Breeds:
Merino: Native: Spain. Best fine quality wool in the world. Skin folds present.
Chokla: Native: Shekhawati. Known as "Indian Merino" (Best carpet wool).
Nellore: Tallest sheep in India. Resembles goat.
Marwari: Disease resistance. High production.
Karakul: Pelt production (skin of lambs).
Practices:
Flushing: Feeding extra concentrate to pregnant ewe.
Docking: Removal of tail (1-2 weeks age).
Shearing: Clipping of wool (twice a year: March-April/Sept-Oct).
5. Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Breeds:
Bikaneri: Best draught breed. "Stop" is present. Most beautiful.
Jaisalmeri: Best for riding/racing.
Kharai: Swimming camel (Gujarat), grazes on mangroves.
Rut/Musth: Period of sexual excitement in males (Nov-Feb).
Unit 4: Reproduction & Breeding
1. Oestrus Cycle
Proestrus: Coming in heat.
Oestrus (Heat): Period of acceptance of male. Best sign: Standing heat (allowing others to mount). Cows bellow, mucus discharge occurs.
Duration in Cattle: 12-24 hours.
Metestrus: Ovulation takes place here (10-12 hours after heat ends).
Diestrus: Longest phase.
2. Artificial Insemination (AI)
First in World: Spallanzani (1780) in dogs.
First in India: Sampat Kumaran (1939) in Mysore.
Semen Collection: Artificial Vagina method is best. Temperature: 39 C (Bull), 41 C (Buffalo).
Semen Storage: In Liquid Nitrogen at -196 C (Cryopreservation). Diluent used: Egg yolk citrate or Glycerol.
Insemination Time: Mid-heat to end of heat (Recto-vaginal method used).
3. Breeding Systems
Inbreeding: Mating of closely related individuals (e.g., Sire to daughter). Increases homozygosity.
Outcrossing: Mating unrelated animals of same breed. Best for average milkers.
Cross Breeding: Mating different breeds (e.g., HF x Sahiwal). Results in Heterosis/Hybrid Vigour.
Grading Up: Purebred sires mated with nondescript females for several generations to improve local breeds.
Unit 5: Nutrition & Feeds
1. Terminology
Concentrates: Low fiber (<18%), High TDN (>60%). E.g., Grains, Cakes.
Roughages: High fiber (>18%), Low TDN (<60%). E.g., Fodder, Hay.
Colostrum: First milk after calving. Rich in immunoglobulins (IgG) for immunity. Feed 1/10th of body weight.
2. Preservation of Fodder
Silage:
Preservation under anaerobic conditions (Silo).
Best Crops: Maize, Sorghum (High carbohydrates).
pH: 3.5 – 4.2 (Acidic). Good silage is yellow/brown.
Hay:
Dried fodder (Moisture < 15%).
Best Crops: Berseem, Lucerne, Oats (Legumes preferred).
3. Feeding Standards
Dry Matter (DM) Requirement:
Cattle: 2.0 – 2.5 kg per 100 kg body weight.
Buffalo: 2.5 – 3.0 kg per 100 kg body weight.
Water: Milk contains 87% water. Animals need 30-35 liters/day.
Unit 6: Dairy Science (Milk & Products)
1. Milk Composition & Properties
Specific Gravity: Cow milk (1.028 – 1.030), Buffalo milk (1.030 – 1.032). Measured by Lactometer.
Fat: Most variable constituent. Cow (3.5-4.5%), Buffalo (6-7%). Fat exists as globules (emulsion).
Protein: Mostly Casein (80%). Exists as colloidal suspension. Responsible for white color.
Lactose: Milk sugar (Disaccharide: Glucose + Galactose). Responsible for sweetness.
Yellow Color: Due to Carotene (Cow milk).
pH: Fresh milk is 6.5 – 6.7.
2. Milk Processing
Pasteurization: Kills 100% pathogens (Coxiella burnetii is index organism) and 99% bacteria.
LTLT (Low Temp Long Time): 63 C for 30 mins (Batch method).
HTST (High Temp Short Time): 72 C for 15 seconds (Flash method).
UHT: 135-150 oC for 1-5 seconds.
Homogenization: Breaking fat globules to < 2 microns to prevent cream layer formation.
3. Milk Products
Cream: Rich in fat (>25%). Separated by centrifugal force.
Butter: 80% Fat. Produced by churning. Overrun in butter is usually 25%.
Ghee: Clarified butter fat. 99% Fat. Native to India.
Dahi (Curd): Fermented. Acidity 0.75-0.95%. Starter: Streptococcus lactis.
Khoa: Partially dehydrated milk. Yield: 25% (Buffalo), 18-20% (Cow).
Cheese: Coagulated by Rennet (enzyme). Cheddar (Hard), Cottage (Soft).
Ice-Cream: Frozen product. 10-12% Fat. Overrun (expansion) is 100%.
4. Adulteration Tests
Starch: Iodine test (Blue color).
Urea: p-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde.
Buffalo milk in Cow milk: Hansa Test.
Neutralizers: Rosalic acid test.
Unit 7: Animal Diseases
1. Viral Diseases
FMD (Foot and Mouth Disease):
Pathogen: Picornaviridae virus (Types O, A, C, Asia-1).
Symptoms: Blisters on mouth/feet, excessive salivation.
Rinderpest (Cattle Plague): Eradicated from India (2006). Caused by Morbillivirus.
Blue Tongue: Insect-borne (Culicoides). Attacks Sheep.
2. Bacterial Diseases
Anthrax (Splenic Fever):
Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis (Soil-borne).
Symptom: Sudden death, oozing of dark tarry blood from natural orifices. Post-mortem is prohibited.
Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS):
Also called "Shipping Fever".
Pathogen: Pasteurella multocida. High mortality in Buffaloes during monsoon.
Black Quarter (BQ):
Pathogen: Clostridium chauvoei.
Symptom: Crepitating sound in hind quarters.
Brucellosis:
Symptom: Abortion in late pregnancy. Zoonotic disease (spreads to humans).
Mastitis: Inflammation of udder. Diagnosis: Strip cup test.
3. Metabolic & Others
Milk Fever (Hypocalcemia): Deficiency of Calcium after calving. Temp decreases (sub-normal).
Bloat (Tympany): Accumulation of gas in rumen. Trocar and Cannula used to puncture rumen.
Coccidiosis: Protozoan disease. Bloody diarrhea.
Surra: Trypanosomiasis in Camel. Transmitted by flies.
Unit 8: Important Facts
Meconium: First faeces of calf.
Gestation length: Swine has the shortest among farm animals (114 days).
Clean Milk Production: Milking should be completed within 7 minutes (effect of Oxytocin hormone).
Full Hand Milking: Best method. Knuckling causes injury.
Double Toned Milk: 1.5% Fat, 9.0% SNF.
Toned Milk: 3.0% Fat, 8.5% SNF.
